Emily J. Kirk, Cambridge University*
The spring of 2010 has witnessed a plethora of articles in mainstream US
media on the human rights situation in Cuba, largely surrounding three
issues-the hunger strike (and eventual death) of Orlando Zapata Tamayo, that
of Guillermo Fariñas (still alive at the time of writing), and a series of
demonstrations by opponents of the government (and family members of
prisoners) known as the Ladies in White.
The facts are clear in all cases. Zapata died on February 23 after 85 days
of a hunger strike-the first Cuban to perish in this manner in almost 40
years. The following day Fariñas started his own strike at his home, and
has been hospitalized since March 11, demanding the release of 26 allegedly
ill political prisoners. The Ladies in White are a group that was formed in
2003 to protest the imprisonment of 75 opposition figures and sentenced to
lengthy terms. Some 53 of that number remain in prison. The women have
been leading demonstrations for 7 years, marching on Sundays down Fifth
Avenue in the Miramar district of Havana. In early April, however, they
were confronted by large pro-government demonstrations, and security forces
intervened to protect them.
For three Sundays in a row these confrontations continued until Cardinal
Jaime Ortega negotiated with government officials, with the result that the
Ladies were allowed to march wherever they wanted, and without official
permission to stage a demonstration (normally required by Cuban law). What
was negotiated was a return to the status quo ante that had existed prior to
the first week of December 2009. On May 2 a dozen Women in White renewed
their traditional march. [1]
The case of Zapata received a tremendous amount of media attention, in part
because it was the first time in decades that an opponent of the Cuban
government had died during a hunger strike. He was arrested in 2003,
charged with contempt and public disorder and given a prison sentence of 3
years. Subsequent acts of defiance in prison led to further charges being
laid. He started his hunger strike on December 8, 2009, and died on
February 23, 2010. He was widely presented as a person imprisoned for his
human rights beliefs, summed up in a release by the International Republican
Institute entitled "Democracy's Heroes: Orlando Zapata Tamayo".[2]
Emotional descriptions were given of his prison conditions and the
punishments he had received. His back was "tattooed with blows," and when
he was transferred to hospital he was "skin and bones, his stomach is just a
hole," his mother noted.[3] Emotionally disturbed by the deliberate suicide
of her son, she lashed out at the treatment received, calling his death "a
premeditated murder" by the Cuban government. Her criticism of the lack of
medical care provided was highlighted in media reports, when it was clear
that just the opposite was true. In fact a video shown on Cuban television
shows her expressing gratitude to the medical staff attending him.[4]
Vocal denunciations of the abuse of human rights in Cuba were sprinkled
among the many articles dealing with Zapata. The term "prisoner of
conscience" was liberally used to describe his plight, and he was presented
as a political activist who was protesting inhuman treatment in prison. In
the media rush to show him as a person imprisoned for his political beliefs,
little attention was paid to his long criminal record, involving domestic
violence (1993), possession of a weapon and assault, including the use of a
machete to fracture the cranium of Leonardo Simón (2000), fraud (2000), and
public disorder (2002).[5] In sum, the issue of his imprisonment is somewhat
murkier than might at first appear.
Mainstream US media covered the events in great detail-with over 80 articles
published in a 3-month period. Interviews with leading dissidents in Cuba,
exile politicians, Miami groups opposed to the Cuban government, U.S.
politicians, resulted, all praising the courage and honesty of Zapata. The
opinion was given that the Cuban government was fearful that the death would
lead to massive protests, and so "an increased police presence was reported
in the streets of several Cuban cities".[6] In various press reports
mention was made of major demonstrations of grief, and concern by the
government resulting in extreme security measures being adapted.
The Obama approach to Cuba was also linked with the Zapata case, and anger
was directed to both Cuba and the president. A common impression given is
that the Obama administration has tried to pursue a more flexible approach
to Cuba, but has been met with Cuban intransigence and hostility. One
editorialist of The Washington Post used the suicide to condemn Obama´s
policy-which was seen as being too liberal: "Is the new, Castro-friendly
approach working? A good answer to that question came Tuesday, when
Orlando Zapata Tamayo, a 42-year-old Afro-Cuban political prisoner, died
after an 83-day hunger strike".[7]
The U.S. government has recently issued outspoken condemnations of the Cuban
government's approach to human rights, with statements by Philip J. Crowley
(Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Public Affairs) and even President Barack
Obama. The president condemned the "repression visited upon Las Damas de
Blanco, and the intensified harassment of those who dare to give voice to
the desires of their fellow Cubans", while noting that "Cuban authorities
continue to respond to the aspirations of the Cuban people with a clenched
fist".[8] One searches in vain, however, for any references by the
president to the clenched fist of the Honduran government and the appalling
human rights record since the removal of President Zelaya in June of 2009.
In a related matter, it is clear that US media has provided an extremely
sympathetic portrayal of the 'Ladies in White,' as can be seen from the
titles of a recent article in the Miami Herald, "United by Pain, Cuba's
Ladies in White Vow to Keep Marching," and an editorial in the Wall Street
Journal, "Women Who Brave Mobs".[9] The terminology in the latter leaves
little to the imagination, with references to the women "getting leaned on
by Havana's toughs," "Castro's goons," "the regime's desperation in
the face
of popular discontent," and the Ladies in White "walking in the face of an
increasingly dangerous mob".[10]
The attention given to the "Damas de Blanco"[11] has in many ways mirrored
that given to the cases of Zapata and, to a lesser extent, Fariñas. The
fact that they have been protesting for several years in Havana without any
significant repression (or media coverage) would indicate that the recent
extensive coverage is due to an unusual conjunctural set of circumstances.
In Miami a demonstration in favor of Cuban human rights activists was held
on March 25 in which Cuban-American singer Gloria Estefan and her husband
music producer Emilio, together with exile singers Willy Chirino and Olga
Guillot, while a few days later Cuban exile, the actor Andy García,
participated in a march in Los Angeles to show his support for the Damas de
Blanco.
It would appear that, for a variety of reasons, opposition groups to the
Cuban government decided in the spring of 2010 to ramp up their
activities-and the media jumped on the bandwagon and followed suit. It is
also clear that, as the Cuban government responded, US media became
increasingly critical in their presentation of the human rights situation.
Typical of the reaction was a pointed editorial in The Miami Herald: "In a
democracy, people can disagree. They can march to protest their government,
they can chastise their elected officials in public forums, they can walk
down the street carrying placards voicing their opinions [.] Not in Cuba.
Never in Cuba".[12]
This massive media campaign against marches taking place by an opposition
group-some of whose members have admitted to having been paid by U.S.
government officials-during a few weeks had never been seen before. Again
it must be emphasized that these weekly marches have been going on for seven
years, and without any major harassment from government officials. That
fact is ignored almost completely by the media.[13] What is also ignored in
U.S. media analysis is the recent approval by Washington of some $20 million
to promote political destabilization in Cuba, with funds being earmarked "to
provide humanitarian support to prisoners of conscience and their families.
Funds may also be used to support democratic rule of law programs that
promote, protest and defend human rights in Cuba". Other funds are
earmarked "to provide humanitarian support to families of Cuban political
prisoners". In all $20 million is to be made available.[14] This of course
follows on from five decades of U.S. government hostility after Washington
broke off diplomatic relations on January 3, 1961, maintains the "Trading
with the Enemy" act, and over the decades has supported a variety of hostile
acts (including terrorism) against Cuba.
In synthesis, the issue of the hunger strike of Orlando Zapata (which
resulted in his suicide), and the hostilities faced by the Damas de Blanco
over a three-week period in the spring of 2010 resulted in an unprecedented
barrage of media coverage in the spring of 2010. The media campaign was
ferocious, and clearly focused. Perhaps the most thoughtful response to it
came from an unexpected source-Cardenal Jaime Ortega of Havana, who
criticized the "media violence" and the "verbal war by the media in the
United States, Spain and other countries".[15] If one contrasts those facts
with events in Honduras during approximately the same time, and if one
analyzes the nature of media coverage of events there, a very different
picture emerges.
Most of those developments follow on from the circumstances surrounding the
coup d´état of June 28, 2009, when the democratically elected president,
Manuel Zelaya, was ousted. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
confirmed that several hundred arbitrary arrests and beatings of supporters
of the overthrown Zelaya government by the armed forces and police occurred.
The list of abuses was long and detailed: "killings, an arbitrary
declaration of a state of emergency, disproportionate use of force against
public demonstrations, criminalization of public protest, arbitrary
detention of thousands persons, cruel, inhumane and degrading treatments,
poor detention conditions, militarization of Honduran territory, an increase
in incidents of racial discrimination, violations of women's rights, severe
and arbitrary restrictions on the right of freedom of expression, and
serious violations of political rights".[16]
In just the first hundred days after the coup, the Committee of the Families
of the Detained and Disappeared of Honduras (COFADEH) documented 4,234
violations by the de facto government, including 21 extrajudicial killings,
3,033 illegal detentions, and 818 cases of violence.[17] It is clear that
the numbers of victims was in fact much higher, but that many have not made
public their treatment at the hands of security forces out of fear of
reprisal. From June 2009 to February 2010, COFADEH documented 43
politically motivated murders. Particularly chilling is the fact that in
the spring of 2010 some 7 journalists were assassinated.[18] Amnesty
International and Human Rights Watch condemned the widespread abuses,
echoing the conclusions of the Organization of American States.
Sadly, these extremely clear violations of human rights in Honduras have
been commonplace, though the media in North America have largely ignored
them. A quantitative analysis of the media attention paid to the three
issues studied here-the hunger strike of Zapata, the treatment of the ladies
in White over a 3-week period, and the killings and beating accruing in
Honduras in recent months-is telling.
Table 1: Media Coverage of Three Human Rights-Related Topics
News No. of posts regarding No. of post regarding No. of post
Agency 7 murdered journalists Cuba hunger strike on Ladies in
& human rights abuses (02/10/2010-05/6/2010) White
Honduras [20] (02/01/20-
(6/29/2009-5/6/2010)[19] 05/06/2010
[21]
CNN 2 7 7
New York Times 1 8 1
Washington Post 1 13 5
Boston Globe 1 4 2
Miami Herald 1 55 46
Total 6 86 61
As the table above indicates, there have been a large number of articles on
the hunger striker, and very little on the murdered journalists, and much
less on the widespread human rights abuses in Honduras since the overthrow
of President Zelaya. In fact, of the news agencies examined above, there are
over 14 times more posts published on the hunger striker in Cuba, than that
of the murders of journalist and human rights abuses in Honduras. As noted
earlier, it is clear that there is an abundance of material to be studied
for the latter-should the media be interested.
A qualitative analysis also indicates an unequal representation of both
issues. While the articles describe the slow death of Zapata, a man who was
charged with various federal crimes and chose to ignore medical assistance,
there has been almost no explanation of the vast and overarching abuses
suffered by the Honduran people-including dozens of murders and thousands of
arbitrary arrests and beatings.
To be sure, the severity or extent of these issues has not been accurately
portrayed in the media. Moreover, not only is information sadly lacking in
the case of Honduras, but it is also often presented in a superficial way.
Noticeably, for example three of the articles presented in these major media
outlets were identical, and simply listed Honduras among several countries
including Mexico, Colombia, Pakistan, and Nigeria as dangerous places for
journalists to work.[22] The others briefly state that UNESCO, Amnesty
International and some Honduran human rights groups are concerned about the
level of violence and abuses of human rights throughout the country,
particularly of those who oppose the government. Of all of these articles
found, only one CNN report explained in any detail the prevalence and
ferocity of violence that Hondurans have been facing since the coup of June
2009.
By contrast, the Cuban government was incessantly vilified for "letting"
Zapata die and articles were particularly emphatic about the government's
restrictions on the Damas de Blanco and the "repression" of its people.
Political and celebrity figures including President Obama, Gloria and Emilio
Estefan, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., and Senator John Kerry have also been
widely cited in denouncing the Cuban government's treatment of its people.
By contrast one sees no celebrities or politicians being cited to condemn
the dozens of assassinations at the hands of the security forces in
Honduras-sadly a case of selective indignation.
In a strongly worded statement condemning the treatment received by the
Ladies in White, and reflecting on the suicide of Orlando Zapata Tamayo,
President Obama called for "an end to the repression" in Cuba. He added
"I
remain committed to supporting the simple desire of the Cuban people to
freely determine their future and to enjoy the rights and freedoms that
define the Americas".[23] Clearly he was not referring to the situation the
rights and freedoms in Honduras.
Can we imagine what the U.S. government would say, or do, if within a few
months 7 journalists had been assassinated in Cuba? Or if dozens of
government opponents had been murdered by the Cuban military during the same
time frame? A useful comparison of official United States position on the
human rights abuses in both countries can de derived from statements made by
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton on these issues. She has
repeatedly condemned the Cuban government for the treatment of Zapata and
others, stating "They're letting these hunger strikers die. They've got 200
political prisoners who are there for trivial reasons. And so I think that
many in the world are starting to see what we have seen a long time, which
is a very intransigent, entrenched regime that has stifled opportunity for
the Cuban people, and I hope will begin to change and we're open to changing
with them, but I don't know that will happen before some more time goes
by".[24]
By contrast, directly following the Honduran coup in 2009, she refused to
refer to the political situation as such, nor condemn the violence and gross
and repeated violation of human rights in that situation.[25] Rather, she
later stated "we believe that President Lobo and his administration have
taken the steps necessary to restore democracy".[26] It is lamentable that
she has not been able to lay aside political preference in order to
criticize manifest abuses in Honduras.
On May 3, 2010 ("World Press Freedom Day") Ms. Clinton issued a noteworthy
statement noting that "Wherever independent media are under threat,
accountable governance and human freedom are undermined".[27] She
passionately defended journalists risking their lives to provide
"independent information" on government abuses, and singled out the efforts
of Cuban blogger Yoani Sánchez, an outspoken critic of the Cuban government,
noting that President Obama had also praised her efforts. She concluded by
noting that the United States was committed to "defend freedom of expression
and the brave journalists who are persecuted for exercising it". One looks
in vain, however, for any reference by leading U.S. government officials to
the Honduran journalists who were assassinated for doing just that.
Apparently their contribution is less important. Clearly there is a double
standard at play; sadly, mainstream US media reflect that same double
standard.
On April 29, following the death of Orlando Zapata Tamayo, the National
Lawyers Guild of the United States issued a statement that was widely
ignored by mainstream media. In fact there is apparently no analysis of its
significance in any of the leading U.S. media. It is unfortunate because it
puts in context the crux of this issue-media treatment of the suicide of one
individual in Cuba after rejecting medical assistance for weeks, versus an
ongoing process of assassination and brutality in Honduras, a traditional US
ally. The NLG Executive Director Heidi Boghosian closes the release in the
following way: "The National Lawyers Guild opposes infractions of human
rights anywhere, but Cuban prison officials acted properly when Zapata
decided to go on a hunger strike. We urge the media to turn its attention
to real human rights violations and deadly foreign policies in this country
and elsewhere".[28] Well said.
NOTES
[1] See Will Weissert's report for AP, "Cuba Frees Backer of Dissident Group
Amid Appeal," May 11, 2010 and Mauricio Vicent, "El gobierno cubano se
compromete con la Iglesia Católica a permitir las marchas de las Damas de
Blanco," El País, May 2, 2010.
[2] The International Republican Institute, "Democracy's Heroes: Orlando
Zapata Tamayo," April 28, 2010. Found at http://www.iri.org/node/2536.
Accessed May 13, 2010.
[3] Juan O. Tamayo, "Jailed Cuban Activist Orlando Zapata Tamayo Dies on
Hunger Strike," The Miami Herald, February 23, 2010.
[4] In the March 1, 2010, national nightly news report on Cuban television
she was shown addressing Cuban medical personnel: "Well, thank you very
much. we have full confidence. we can see your concern and that everything
that is being done to save him". See "Orlando Zapata Tamayo, A Case of
Political Manipulation," Granma Internacional Digital, March 4, 2010. Found
at www.granma.cu/ingles/2010/marzo/juev4/Orlando-Zapata-Tamayo.html.
Accessed May 13, 2010. Further evidence is provided in the article to show
the extraordinary lengths to which Cuban officials went-even having a kidney
ready in case his failed. His mother is seen also stating "I was able to
see the doctors who were there before I went in, and there were doctors from
CIMEQ (Center for Medical Surgical Research), the best doctors, trying to
save his life."
[5] One Cuban academic has noted that he was in jail for "breaching the
peace, 'public damage,' resistance to authority, two charges of fraud,
'public exhibitionism,' repeated charges of felonious assault, and being
illegally armed". See Michael Parenti and Alicia Jrapko, "Cuban Prisoners,
Here and There," Monthly Review, April 15. 2010. Found at
http://cuba-l.unm.edu. See also "Campaña mediática contra Cuba. Cronología
de los hechos," La Jiribilla, April 4, 1010. Found at
http://cuba-l.unm.edu. Accessed April 4, 2010. A detailed analysis of the
Zapata case can also be found in Salim Lamrani, "The Suicide of Orlando
Zapata Tamayo," March 18, 2010. Found at
http://www.voltairenet.org/article164489.html. Accessed May 13, 2010. The
French academic makes a telling point, noting that in France between January
1, 2010 and February 24 a total of 22 suicides in prison, with 122 in French
prisons (2009) and 115 (2008)-without any apparent media interest.
[6] Juan O. Tamayo, "Jailed Cuban Activist.".
[7] See the editorial, "Is the Castro-friendly Cuba Policy Working?," The
Washington Post, February 26, 2010.
[8] See White House Statement on Orlando Zapata Tamayo, March 24, 2010.
Found at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-human
rights-situation-cuba. Accessed May 13, 2010. Also see Philip J. Crowley,
"Death of Cuban Dissident Orlando Zapata Tamayo," found at
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/02/137180.htm. Accessed May 13, 2010.
[9] Juan O. Tamayo, "United by Pain, Cuba's Ladies in White Vow to Keep
Marching," Miami Herald, April 24, 2010, and the editorial "Women Who Brave
Mobs," Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2010.
[10] A very different interpretation is given by Cuban academic Enrique
Ubieta: "The Ladies in White are a movie montage. The right wing had
learned to take left-wing formulas of expression such as the Mothers of the
Plaza de Mayo in Argentina, authentic women struggling in memory of their
children and grandchildren, tortured and murdered. In Cuba there are no
tortured or assassinated prisoners. The people in prison were judged by
courts, following our laws. So, they take the wives and mothers of people
who worked to subvert the constitutional order [.] they dress them in
white--a color associated with peace and purity-they hand them some gladioli
and take them to a Catholic church, a perfect scenario for them to be seen
in Europe. And when they are ready they say "Cameras! Action!" And that's
where we see CNN, Spanish TV cameras. What you are seeing is a film that is
a fiction, while on the street away from the action are the European and US
diplomats-the producers of the film, who are the ones paying for the show".
See Fernando Arrizado, "Enrique Ubieta: 'Las Damas de Blanco son un montaje
escenográfico,'" Cubadebate, April 27, 2010. Found at http:Cuba-l.unm.edu.
Accessed April 28, 2010. (Translation by authors).
[11] See "Cuba's 'Ladies in White' March Blocked Again," Washington Post,
April 25, 2010 and Will Weissert´s report for Associated Press of the same
day. Available at http://Cuba-l.unm.edu. Accessed April 25, 2010.
[12] "Cuba's Brutality," The Miami Herald, March 19, 2010. The editorial
concluded: "Only a concerted effort by democratic governments-from the left
and the right-can show Raúl and Fidel Castro that their free ride of terror
is coming to an end".
[13] In a recent interview leading Cuban academic Rafael Hernández quotes
the Royal Academy of Spain dictionary to show that many of the opposition
figures who receive financial support from U.S. government officials are in
fact mercenaries. The context of U.S. enmity needs to be considered, since
Washington broke relations with revolutionary Cuba in January 1961, and has
supported a variety of policies designed to bring about "regime change" in
Cuba. See Mauricio Vicent, " Mauricio Vicent entrevista a Rafael Hernández,
director de la revista Temas," El País, April 9, 2010.
[14] See "United States Department of State. Congressional Notification.
Program: Western Hemisphere. Appropriation Category: Economic Support
Funds. Project Title: Cuba. Intended 2010 Obligation: $20,000,000". Found
at http:cuba-l.unm.edu. Accessed April 5, 2010.
[15] "The tragic event of the death of a prisoner as he was on a hunger
strike has resulted in a verbal war by the media in the United States, Spain
and other countries. This strong media campaign contributes to further
exacerbating the crisis. It is a form of media violence to which the Cuban
government responds in its own way". See "A Call for Dialogue: Interview
with Cardinal Jaime Ortega, Archbishop of Havana". Originally published in
Palabra Nueva, journal of the archdiocese of Havana on April 19, 2010, and
subsequently translated and published in Progreso Weekly, May 4, 2010.
Found at
http://progreso-weekly.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article=1613:
a-call-for-dial.
Accessed May 16, 2010.
[16] "Honduras: Human Rights and the Coup d'Etat". Inter-American Commission
on Human Rights. 2009. Retrieved 2 May, 2010 from
http://cidh.org/countryrep/Honduras09eng/Chap.1.htm
[17] Canadian Council for International Co-operation, "Honduras: Democracy
Denied. A Report from the CCIC's Americas Policy Group with recommendations
to the Government of Canada," Ottawa, April 2010, p. 16.
[18] Council on Hemispheric Affairs, "Washington's Invented Honduran
Democracy," April 22, 2010. Found at
http://www.coha.org/washingtons-invented-honduran-democracy. Accessed on
May 12, 2010. On April 26, 2010 Amnesty International issued a statement:
"Journalists in Honduras are at serious risk. Six journalists, all men,
have been shot dead in the last eight weeks, and numerous others have
received death threats. No one has been held to account and no action taken
to support and protect journalists". See UA: 94/10, AI Index: AMR
37/006/2010, "Honduras: Journalists Killed".
[19] See search results for "murdered journalists, human rights abuses,
Honduras". Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from www.miamiherald.com. See search
results for "murdered journalists, human rights abuses, Honduras". Retrieved
6 May, 2010 from www.washingtonpost.com. See search results for "murdered
journalists, human rights abuses, Honduras". Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from
www.boston.com. See search results for "murdered journalists, human rights
abuses, Honduras". Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from www.nytimes.com. See search
results for "murdered journalists, human rights abuses, Honduras". Retrieved
6 May, 2010 from www.cnn.com.
[20] See search results for "Hunger Strike, Cuba". Retrieved 6 May, 2010
from www.miamiherald.com. See search results for "Hunger Strike, Cuba".
Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from www.washingtonpost.com. See search results for
"Hunger Strike, Cuba". Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from www.boston.com. See search
results for "Hunger Strike, Cuba". Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from
www.nytimes.com. See search results for "Hunger Strike, Cuba". Retrieved 6
May, 2010 from www.cnn.com.
[21] See search results for "Ladies in White, Cuba". Retrieved 6 May, 2010
from www.miamiherald.com. See search results for "Ladies in White, Cuba".
Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from www.washingtonpost.com. See search results for
"Ladies in White, Cuba". Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from www.boston.com. See
search results for "Ladies in White, Cuba". Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from
www.nytimes.com. See search results for "Ladies in White, Cuba". Retrieved 6
May, 2010 from www.cnn.com.
[22] "Media Group: 17 Journalists Killed in April". The Washington Post. 28
April, 2010. Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from
[23] "White House Statement on Orlando Zapata Tamayo and the Ladies in
White," March 24, 2010. Found at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-human-rights-
situation-cuba.
Accessed May 13, 2010.
[24] Clinton, Hillary Rodham. "US State Department - Secy. Of State Clinton:
On Nuclear Nonproliferation". Remarks on Nuclear Nonproliferation at the
University of Louisville as Part of the McConnell Center's Spring Lecture
Series. 9 April, 2010. Found at
http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/13958.htm. Accessed 15 May, 2010;
Weissert, Will. "Castro: Cuba Will Resist Hunger Strike 'Blackmail'".
Associated Press. 4 April, 2010.
[25] (Sheridan, Mary Beth. "U.S. Condemns Honduras Coup". The Washington
Post. 30 June, 2009. Retrieved 6 May, 2010 from
[26] Rothschild, Matthew. "Hillary Clinton's Honduran Disgrace." The
Progressive. March 5, 2010. Retrieved 7 May, 2010 from
http://www.progressive.org/WX030510.html)
[27] Hillary Rodham Clinton, Secretary of State, "World Press Freedom Day,"
May 3, 1010. Document located at http://cuba-l.unm.edu. Accessed May 3,
2010.
[28] National Lawyers Guild, "NLG Urges U.S. Media to Cease
Misrepresentation of Cuba's Human Rights Record," April 29, 2010. Found at
http:cuba-l.unm.edu. Accessed April 29, 2010.
*Emily J. Kirk will be an M.A. student in Latin American Studies at
Cambridge University in September.
* John Kirk is a professor of Latin American Studies at Dalhousie
University, Canada.
Both are working on a project on Cuban medical internationalism
sponsored by Canada's Social Science and Humanities Research Council of
Canada (SSHRC). Professor Kirk co-wrote with Michael Erisman the 2009 book
"Cuba's Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution and Goals" (Palgrave
Macmillan). He spent most of February and March in El Salvador and
Guatemala, accompanying the Henry Reeve Brigade in El Salvador, and working
with the Brigada Medica Cubana in Guatemala.
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